is this your end goal, getting me to read primary sources?

W h a t the Sultan was grappling with were two characteristics of the rural personality of his realm: t h e lack of autonomy o f individuals and the absence o f a conception of a unit transcending the village o r the hamlet Millions of Ottomans fell into this category, and the extent t o which they were bereft of collective identity was t o be observed much later, during the First World War, by a young officer. T h i s is the way h e describes his first experiences in training Anatolian recruits:

At chat time, as far as I was able to understand, our soldiers rather than being persons whom one could deal with as individuals, were better conceptu- alized as cogs in a community, as components of a group. In a community and in a group they could easily follow everything that was required of them. But whenever one of them would saay from the group and become isolated, he would be unable to determine an independent course of action for himself, of his own volition. Also, in collective undertakings, he would always look for someone to become dependent on or to follow.

Erdogan managed to succeed in this endevour and we Turks are all fucked because of it.